Exercises Solutions Essay Example

Exercises Solutions Paper The population is employed adult women, the sample is the 48 club members who returned the survey. . 2 WHAT IS THE POPULATION? For each of the following sampling situations identify the population as exactly as possible. That is, say what kind of individuals the population consists of and say exactly which individuals fall in the population. Fifth information given is not complete, complete the description of the population in a reasonable way. (a) Each week, the Gallup Poll questions a sample of about ISO adult U. S, residents to determine national opinion on a wide variety of issues. An individual is a person; the population is all adult LLC_S_ (b) The 2000 census tried to gather basic information from every should in the United States. But a long form requesting much additional information was sent to a sample of about of households. An individual is a household; the population is all U. S. Households. (c) A machinery manufacturer purchases voltage regulators from a supplier. There are reports that variation in the output voltage of the regulators is affecting the performance of the finished products. TO assess the quality Of the suppliers production, the manufacturer sends a sample of 5 regulators from the last shipment to a laboratory for study. An individual is a voltage regulator; the population is all the regulators in the last hinted. 5. 3 TEACHING READING An educator wants to compare the effectiveness of computer software that teaches reading with that of a standard reading curriculum, He tests the reading ability of each student in a class of fourth graders, then divides them into vivo groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Exercises Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Exercises Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Exercises Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One group uses the computer regularly while the other studies a standard curriculum. At the end of the year, he retests all the students and compares the increase in reading ability in the two groups. 15 this an experiment? Why or why not? What are the explanatory and response variables? This is an experiment: A treatment is imposed. The explanatory variable is the teaching method (computer assisted or standard), and the response variable is the increase in reading ability based on the pre- and opposites. 5. ALCOHOL AND HEART ATTACKS Many studies have found that people who drink alcohol in moderation have lower risk of heart attacks that either nondrinkers or heavy drinkers. Does alcohol consumption also improve survival after a heart attack? One study followed 1913 people who were hospitalized after severe heart attacks. In the year before their heart attack, 47% of these people did not drink, 36% drank moderately, and drank heavily. After four years, ewer of the moderate drinkers h ad died. Is this an observational study or an experiment? What are the explanatory and response variables? Observational. The researcher did not attempt to change the amount that people drank. The explanatory variable is alcohol consumption. The response variable is survival after 4 years. 5. 6 ARE ANESTHETICS SAFE? The National Halftone study was a major investigation of the safety of anesthetics used in surgery, Records of over 850,000 operations performed in 34 major hospitals showed the following death rates for four common anesthetics Anesthetic: Death Rate: A I B I C D I There is a clear association between the anesthetic used and the death rate of patients. Anesthetic C appears to be dangerous. (a) Explain why we call the National Halftone Study an Observational study rather than an experiment, even though it compared the results of using different anesthetics in actual surgery _ The data was collected after the anesthesia was administered. (b) When the study looked at other variables that are confounded with a doctors choice Of anesthetic, it found that Anesthetic C was not causing extra deaths. Suggest several variables that are mixed up with what anesthetic a patient receives. Type of surgery, length of surgery, (maybe longer operations require anesthetic C), age of patient, (maybe older patients respond better to anesthetic C) patient allergy to certain anesthetics, how healthy the patient was before the surgery.. 5. 7 CALL THE SHOTS A newspaper advertisement for USA Today: The Television Show once said: Should handgun control be tougher? You call the shots in a special call-in poll tonight. If yes, call If no, call 1-900-720-6182. Charge is SO cents for the first minute. Explain why this opinion poll is almost certainly biased. Only persons with a strong opinion on the subject-?strong enough that they are willing to spend the time, and SC cents-?will respond to this advertisement. 3 HOW 9, 10, 13 15 5. 9 CHOOSE YOUR SAMPLE You must choose an SIRS of 10 of the 440 retail outlets in New York, that sell your companys product* How would you label this population? Use Table 8, starting at line 105, to choose your sample. Labeling from OIC to 440, we select 400, 077, 172, 417, 350, 131, 211, 273, 208, and 074. 5. 10 WHO SHOULD BE INTERVIEW OWED A firm wants to understand the attitudes of its minority managers toward its System for assessing management performance. Below is a list of all the firms managers who are members of minority groups. Use Table B at line 139 to choose 6 to be interviewed in detail about the performance appraisal system. Augural Gates Peters Anderson Geol. Pledge Baxter Gomez Purr Bonds Hernandez Richards Bowman Hang Rodriguez Castillo Kim Santiago Cross Lila Sheen Deal Mourning Vega Fernando Enable Wang Fleming Starting with 01 and numbering down the columns, one chooses 04-Bonds, ID-Fleming, 17 -Lila, 13-Enable, 12-Geol., and 13-Gomez. 5. 3 SAMPLE ENG FRAME The list of individuals from which a sample is actually selected is called the sampling frame. Ideally, the frame should list every individual in the population, but in practice this is often difficult, A frame that leaves out part of the population is a common source to undercover. (a) Suppose that a sample of households in a community is selected at random trot the telephone directory. What households are omitted trot this frame? What types of people do you think a re likely to live in these households? These people will probably be underrepresented in the sample. Households without telephones, or with unlisted numbers. Such households would likely be made up of poor individuals (who cannot afford a phone), those who choose not to have hones, and those who do not voguish to hue their phone number published (b) It is more common in telephone surveys to use random digit dialing equipment that selects the last four digits of a telephone number at random after being given the exchange (the first three digits). Which Of the households you mentioned in your answer to (a) will be included in the sampling frame by random digit dialing? Those With unlisted numbers would be included in the sampling frame when a random digit dialer is used. 4 5. 14 RING-NO-ANSWER A common form of moroseness in telephone surveys is ring. Answer. That is, a call is made to an active number but no one answers. The Italian National Statistical Institute looked at moroseness to a government survey of households in Italy during the periods January 1 to Easter and July 1 to August 31. All calls were made between 7 and 10 p. M. , but 214% gave ring- no-answer in one period versus 41. 5% ring-no-answer in the other period. Which period do you think had the higher rate of no answers? Why? Explain why a high rate of moroseness makes sample results less reliable. The higher no- answer was probably the second period-?more families are likely to be gone for vacations, etc. Moroseness of this type might underrepresented those who are more affluent (and are able to travel), 5. 1 S QUESTION WORDING During the 2000 presidential campaign, the candidates debated what to do with the large government surplus. The Pew Research Center asked two questions of random samples of adults. Both questions stated that social security would be fixed. Here are the uses suggested for the remaining surplus: Should the money be used for a tax cut, or should it be used to fund new government programs? Should the money be used for a tax cut, or should it be spent on programs for education, the environment, lath care, crime-fighting and military defense? One of the questions drew 60% favoring a tax cut; the Other, only 22%. Which wor ding pulls respondents toward a tax cut? Why? The first wording would pull respondents toward a tax cut because the second wording mentions several popular alternative uses for tax money. HOW 17, 18, 21, 24, 26, 27, 30 5. 17 EQUAL PAY FOR MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES? The Excite Poll can be found online at http://elite. Excite. Com. The question appears on the screen, and you simply click buttons to vote Yes, No, or Not Sure. On January 25, 2000, the question was Should female athletes e paid the same as men for the work they do? In all, 13,147 (44%) said Yes, another 15,182 (50%) said No, and the remaining 1448 said Not Sure. (a) What is the sample size for this poll? 13,147 4 15,182 4 1448 = 29,777, (b) Thats a much larger sample than standard sample surveys. In spite of this, we cant trust the result to give good information about any clearly defined population. Why? Theres nothing to prevent a person from answering several times. Also, the respondents were only those who went to that Web site and took the time to respond. We cannot define moroseness in this situation. C) More men than women use the Web. How might this affect the poll results? The results are slanted toward the Opinions Of men, who might be less likely to feel that female athletes should earn as much as men. 5 5. 18 WORDING BIAS Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response? (a) Some cell phone users have developed brain cancer. Should all cell phones come with a warning label explaining the danger of using cell phones? The wording is clear. The question is somewhat slanted in favor of warning labels. B) 00 you agree that a national system of health insurance should be favored because it would provide health insurance for everyone and would reduce administrative costs? The question is clear, but it is clearly slanted in favor of national health insurance by asserting it would reduce administrative costs. C) In view of escalating environmental degradation and incipient resource depletion, would you favor economic incentives for recycling to resource-intensive consumer goods? The question could be clearer by using simpler language. It is slanted in favor of incentives by starting out discussing environmental degradation. 5. 21 TESTING CHEMICALS A manufacturer of chemicals chooses 3 from eac h lot of 25 containers of a reagent to test for purity and potent}L Below are control numbers stamped on the bottles in the current lot. Use Table 8 at line 111 to choose an SIRS of 3 of these bottles. Tioga AY AY BI 102 BI 189 AY All 13 80386 81 103 81223 AY 117 81011 81110 81277 AY AY 81036 BI 81286 AY 108 AY 81101 Bal 137 81299 Number the bottles across the rows from 01 to 25, then select 12 -? 80986, 04 -? AY, and 11 AY. (If numbering is done down columns instead, the sample ill be AY, Bal 102, and AY. ) 5. 24 RANDOM DIGITS Which of the following statements are true of a table of random digits, and which are false? Briefly explain your answers. (a) There are exactly four So in each row of 40 digits. False-?if it were true, then after looking at 39 digits, we would know whether or not the 40th digit was a O, contrary to property 2 (b) Each pair of digits has chance 1/100 of being CO. True-?there are 100 pairs of digits 00 through 99, and all are equally likely. (c) The digits 0000 can never appear as a group, because this pattern is not random. False-?OOH is just s likely as any other string of four digits, 6 5,26 CHECKING FOR BIAS Comment on each of the following as a potential response? (a) Which of the following best represents your opinion on gun control? 1. The government should confiscate our guns. . We have the right to keep and bear arms. This question will likely elicit more responses against gun control (that is, more people will choose 2). The two options presented are too extreme; no middle position on gun control is allowed. (b) A freeze in nuclear weapons should be favored because it would begin a much needed process to stop everyone in the world from building nucle ar paeans now and reduce the possibility Of nuclear war in the future. DO you agree or disagree? The phrasing of this question will tend to make people respond in favor Of a nuclear freeze. Only one side Of the issue is presented. C) In view of escalating environmental degradation and incipient resource depletion, would you favor economic incentives for recycling of resource- intensive consumer goods? The wording is too technical for many people to understand-?and for those that do understand it, it is slanted because it suggests reasons why one should support recycling. It could be rewritten to meeting like: Do you support economic incentives to promote recycling? 5. 27 SAMPLE ENG ERROR A New York Times opinion poll on womens issues contacted a sample to 1025 women and 472 men by randomly selecting telephone numbers. The Times publishes complete descriptions of its polling methods. Here is part of the description for this poll: In theory, in 19 cases out of 20 the results based on the entire sample will differ by no more than three percentage points in either direction from what would have been obtained by seeking out all adult Americans. The potential sampling error for smaller Bosporus is larger. For example, for men it is plus or minus 5 percentage points. Explain why the margin of error is larger for conclusions about men alone than for conclusions about all adults. A smaller sample gives less information about the population. table constituted only about nonwhite of our sample, so we know less about that group than we know about all adults. 5. 30 SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLE sample surveys often use a systematic random sample to choose a sample Of apartments in a large building or dwelling units in a block at the last stage of a multistage sample. An example will illustrate the idea of a systematic sample. Suppose that we must choose 4 addresses out of 100. Because 100/4 = 25, we can think of the list as four lists of 25 addresses. Choose 1 of the first 25 addresses at random using Table B. The sample contains this address and the addresses 25, 50, and 75 places down the list from it. If the table gives 13, for example, then the systematic random sample consists of the addresses numbered 13, 38, 63, and 88. (a) use Table B to choose a systematic random sample to 5 addresses trot a list of 200. Enter the table at line 120. Split the 200 addresses into S groups of 40 each. Looking for 2-digit numbers trot 01 to 40, we tint 35, and so take 35, 75, 1 15, 155, and 195. B) Like an a systematic random sample gives all individuals the same chance to be chosen. Explain why this is true. Then explain carefully why a systematic sample is nonetheless not an SIRS. Every address has a I-in-40 chance of being selected, but not every subset has an equal chance of being picked-?for example, 01, 02, 03, 04, and SO cannot be selected by this method. HOW 31, 36 For each Of the experimental situations described in Exercises 5. 31 t o 5. 34, identify the experimental units or subjects, the factors, the treatments, and the response variables. 5. 1 RESISTING DROUGHT The ability to grow in shade may help pines found in the dry forests of Arizona to resist drought. How well do these pines grow in shade? Investigators planted pine seedlings in a greenhouse in either full light or light reduced to 5% of normal by shade cloth. At the end of the study, they dried the young trees and weighed them. Units are the individual trees. Factor is the amount of light, Treatments are full light and reduced light, Response variable is the weight tooth trees. 5. 3 IMPROVING RESPONSE RATE How can we reduce the rate of refusals in telephone surveys? Most people who answer at all listen to the interviewers introductory remarks and then decide whether to continue. One study made telephone calls to randomly selected households to ask opinions about the next election. In some calls, the interviewer gave her name, in others she identified the university she was representing, and in still others she identified both herself and the university. For each type of call, the interviewer either did or did not offer to send a copy of the final survey results to the person interviewed. Do these differences in the introduction affect whether the interview is completed? The units are the individuals vivo were called. One factor is what information is offered. Second factor is offering to send a copy of the results. Treatments are (I) giving name, (2) identifying university, (3) both Of these. The treatments are either offering or not offering. The response is whether the interview was completed. 8 5. 34 SICKLE-CELL DISEASE Sickle-cell disease is an inherited disorder of the red blood cells that in the United States affects mostly blacks. It can cause severe pain and many complications. Can the drug hydroxide reduce the severe pain caused by sickle-cell disease? A study by the National Institutes of Health gave the drug to 150 sickle-cell sufferers and a placebo (a dummy medication) to another 150. The researchers then counted the episodes of pain reported by each subject. Subjects: 300 sickle cell patients. Factor: drug given. Treatments: hydroxide and placebo. Response variable: number of pain episodes. COMPARING LEARNING METHODS An educator wants to compare the effectiveness of computer software that teaches reading with that of a standard reading curriculum. She tests the reading ability of each student in a class of fourth graders, then divides them into two groups. One group uses the computer regularly, while the other studies a standard curriculum. At the end of the year, she retests all the students and compares the increase in reading ability in the tuft groups. (a) Is this an experiment? Why or why not? This is an experiment, since the teacher imposes treatments (instruction methods). (b) What are the explanatory and response variables? The explanatory variable is the method used (computer software or standard curriculum), and the response is the hang in reading ability. 536 OPTIMIZING A PRODUCTION PROCESS A chemical engineer is designing the production process for a new product. The chemical reaction that produces the product may have higher or lower yield, depending on the temperature and the stirring rate in the vessel in which the reaction takes place. The engineer decides to investigate the effects of combinations of tuft temperatures (517 C and ICC) and three stirring rates (60 RPM, 90 RPM, and 120 RPM) on the yield of the process. She will process vivo batches of the product at each combination of temperature and stirring rate. A) What are the experimental units and the response variable in this experiment? The experimental units are the batches of the product; the yield of each batch is the response variable. (b) How many doctors are there? How many treatments? Create a table to lay out the treatments. There are two factors: temperature (with 2 levels) and stirring rates (with 3 levels), for a total of 6 treatments. (c) How many experimental units are required for the experiment? Since two experimental units will be used for each treatment, eve need 12. G HOW #33 39-41, 46, 49, 56 539 RECRUITING FEMALE EMPLOYEES Will providing child care for employees sake a company more attractive to women, even those who are unmarried? You are designing an experiment to answer this question. You prepare recruiting material for two fictitious companies, both in similar businesses in the same location. Company As brochure does not mention child care. There are two versions of Company Bis brochure, identical except that one describes the companys on-site childcare facility. Your subjects are 40 unmarried women who are college seniors seeking employment. Each subject will read recruiting material for both companies and choose the one she would prefer to work for. You Will give each version of Company Bis brochure to half the women. You expect that a higher percentage of those who read the description that includes child care will choose Company B. (a) Outline an appropriate design tort the experiment. Randomly select 20 women for Group 1, which will see the childcare version of Company Bis brochure, and assign the other 20 women to Group 2 (the no childcare group). Allow all women to examine the appropriate brochures, and observe which company they choose, Compare the number from Group 1 who choose Company B with the corresponding number from Group 2. B) The names of the subjects appear below. SE Table B, beginning at line 131, to do the randomization required by your design List the subjects who will read the version that mentions child care. Abram Adamson Fife Brown Scansion Chem. Cortez Curias Danielson Durra Edwards r-Luray Garcia Surgeons Green Guppy Guttering Howard Hang Sessile Jangle Kaplan Kim Loiterer Lifespan Martinez McNeill Morse Eng Quinines Riviera Roberts Rosen Suburbias Thompson Traverse Turing Almsman Williams Wong Numbering from 01 to 40, Group 1 is 05-Scansion, 32-Roberts, 19-Hang, 04- Brown, 25. Lifespan, 29. Eng, 20-sensei, 16. Guppy, 37. Turing, 39. Williams, 31. Riviera, 18-Howard, 07- Cortez, 13-Garcia, 33-Rosen, 02-Adamson, 36-Traverse, 23-Kim, 27- McNeill, and 35. Thompson. 5. 40 ENCOURAGING ENERGY CONSERVATION Example 5. 13 (text page 297) describes an experiment to learn whether providing households with electronic indicators or charts will reduce their electricity consumption. An executive of the electric company objects to including a control group, He says, It would be simpler to just compare electricity use last year (before the indicator or chart was provided) with consumption in the same period this year. If households use less electricity this year, the indicator or chart must be working. Explain clearly why this design is inferior to that in Example 13_ If this year is considerably different in some way from last year, we cannot compare electricity consumption over the two years Poor example, if this summer is warmer, the customers may run their air conditioners more often. The possible differences between the two years would confound the effects of the treatments. 541 EXERCISE AND HEART ATTACKS Does regular exercise reduce the risk of a heart attack? Here are two ways to study this question. Explain clearly why the second design Will produce more trustworthy data. A researcher finds 2000 men over 40 who exercise regularly and have not had heart attacks. She matches each With a similar man Who does not exercise regularly, and she follows both groups for 5 years. 2. Another researcher finds 4000 men over 40 who have not had heart attacks and are willing to participate in a study. She assigns 2000 of the men to a regular program of supervised exercise, The other 2000 continue their usual habits. The researcher follows both groups for 5 years. The second design is an experiment-?a treatment is imposed on the subjects. The first is a duty: it may be confounded by the types of men in each group. In spite of the researchers attempt to match similar men from each group, those in the first group (who exercise) could be somehow different trot men in the non-exercising group. L. 5. 46 CARBON DIOXIDE AND TREE GROWTH The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO) in the atmosphere is increasing rapidly due to our use of fossil fuels. Because plants use CO to fuel photosynthesis, more CO may cause trees and other plants to grow faster. An elaborate apparatus allows researchers to pipe extra CO to a 30-meter circle of forest. We want to compare the growth n base area of trees in treated and untreated areas to see if extra CO does in fact increase growth. We can afford to treat three circular areas. (a) Describe the design of a completely randomized experiment using 6 well-separated 30-meter circular areas in a pine forest. Sketch the circles and carry out the randomization your design calls for. Assume that the 6 circular areas are given in advance. Number them in any order. Use Table B to select 3 for the treatment. We used line 104. The first 4 digits are: 52 71. We cannot use the 7 because it is more than 6. Therefore, we would treat areas 5, 2 and 1. B) Areas within the forest may differ in soil fertility. Describe a matched pairs design using three pairs of circles that will reduce the extra variation due to different fertility. Sketch the circles and carry out the randomization your design calls for. If the pairs are not given in advance, divide the 6 areas into 3 pairs 50 that the elements of each pair are close to each other and therefore to similar fertility. For each pair, we randomly pick one of the two to receive the treatment. Label the two areas in each pair A and B. Fifth random number from Table B is even, then apply the treatment to area A. Otherwise, apply the treatment to Area 8. Alternatively, we could go along the table looking for either a 0 or a 1, ignoring the other digits. If eve find a O before a I, then treat area A. Otherwise, treat B. DOES SAINT-JOHNS WORTH RELIEVE MAJOR DEPRESSION? Here are some excerpts from the report of a study of this issue. The study concluded that the herb is no more effective than a placebo. (a) Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Explain the meaning of each of the terms in this description. Randomized means that patients were randomly assigned either SST. Johns Worth or the placebo. Double-blind means that both the subjects and those Who work With the subjects do not know Who is getting What treatment. Placebo controlled means that we will compare the results for the group using SSL Johns Worth to the group that received the placebo. B) Participants . . Were randomly assigned to receive either Saint-Johns. Worth extract (n = 98) or placebo (n = 102) The primary outcome measure was the rate of change in the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression over the treatment period. Based on this information, use a diagram to outline the design of this clinical trial. . 53 DOES CALCIUM REDUCE BLOOD PRESSURE? You are participating in the design of a medical experiment to investiga te whether a calcium supplement in the diet will reduce the blood pressure of middle-aged men. You have available 40 men with high blood pressure who are willing to serum as subjects. (a) Outline an appropriate design for the experiment. Randomly assign 20 men to each of tuft groups. Record each subjects blood pressure, then apply the treatments: a calcium supplement for Group 1, and a placebo for Group 2. After sufficient time has passed, measure blood pressure again and observe any change. B) The names Of the subjects appear below. Use Table B, beginning at line 119, to do the randomization required by your design, and list the subjects to whom you Will give the drug.

The ABCs of Alphabet Games A Complete Guide

The ABCs of Alphabet Games A Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It’s hard to imagine a time when you didn’t know the alphabet, so the idea of teaching the letters to someone else can be daunting. But for toddlers and preschoolers (and anyone else learning English), the letters of the alphabet are the building blocks of the English language. Learning and recognizing them is the first crucial step to developing strong literacy and language skills. Enter: alphabet games. Alphabet games make mastering letters fun- which is exactly what learning should be! So whether you have a little one just starting out on their literacy journey, or know someone learning English as a second language, we’ve broken down everything you need to know about alphabet games. In this article, we’ll explain what alphabet games are, the best ones to use, and the mistakes to avoid when using them to guarantee learning success. Feature image:Retrokatz/CC What Are Alphabet Games? Alphabet games are any activities designed to help children learn the 26 letters of the English alphabet. They may also be referred to as â€Å"letter games,† â€Å"ABC learning games,† or â€Å"letter recognition games.† They can be as simple as using alphabet magnets to show letters, or as advanced as alphabet puzzles, and everything in between. Edward Miller/CC Why Do We Use Alphabet Games? Being able to read, write and listen are core to understanding and communicating in English (and any language). As such, we want to do everything we can to encourage success. By making that first big step (learning the alphabet) fun and engaging, children are more likely to remember letters and their sounds. The more they remember their letters, the more they’ll recognize them and identify them in and out of order. And the more prepared they’ll be to learn to read and write. Josh Applegate/Unsplash Early Childhood Cognition From the moment they’re born, children are like sponges absorbing everything in their world. They want to know how things work, why they work, and what things are. Learning the alphabet serves as a base for learning to read, communicate and understand the English language. It’s the first step to providing children with the tools to not only learn, but to seek answers on their own. To add to their knowledge base of how and why things work and what they are. Beyond the alphabet, letter games help children improve and strengthen their memory and cognition- all vital skills for anyone to have.. When it comes to mastering the alphabet, the vital concept a child must conquer is the ability to recognize letters and recall them. The easier they can recognize and recall, the easier it’ll be for them to learn letter sounds, which is a must for learning to read. Being able to â€Å"recognize and recall† letters means your learner can tell the difference between each of the 26 alphabet letters. They can also say the name of each letter. Identifying a letter by its name and sound (regardless of the order presented), requires memorization and practice. So, the more letter recognition games they play, the more fun they’ll have, but also the more letter repetition they’ll be exposed to and the more easily they’ll be able to remember and recognize letters and sounds. The following is a chart featuring a few of the reading-related milestones to look out for depending on your learner’s age, according to the U.S. Dept. of Education: Age: 0-3 years Age: 3-4 years Age: 5 years Age: 6 years Begin to associate words they hear frequently with what the words mean. Understand that print carries a message. Sound as if they are reading when they pretend to read. Read and retell familiar stories. Handle objects such as board books and alphabet blocks in their play. Make attempts to read and write. Recognize letters and letter-sound matches. Decide on their own to use reading and writing for different purposes. May write about topics that mean a lot to them. Understand how books should be handled; pretend to read books. Identify familiar signs and labels. Understand that print is read left-to-right and top-to-bottom. Identify new words by using letter-sound matches, parts of words and their understanding of the rest of a story or printed item. Look at pictures in books and realize they are symbols of real things. Identify some letters and make some letter-sound matches. Begin to match spoken words with written ones. Identify an increasing number of words by sight. Begin to pay attention to specific print such as the first letters of their names. Enjoy listening to and talking about storybooks. Begin to write letters of the alphabet and some words they use and hear often. Sound out and represent major sounds in a word when trying to spell. Produce some letter-like forms and scribbles that resemble, in some way, writing. Use known letters (or their best attempt to write the letters) to represent written language especially for meaningful words like their names or phrases such as "I love you." Begin to write stories with some readable parts. Try to use some punctuation marks and capitalization. What Are the Different Types of Alphabet Games? We tend to think of the alphabet song when we think of learning letters, but that’s only one of many letter games children should be playing. This is because we want learners to do more than just sing the alphabet in order. We want them to be able to recognize and distinguish between the letters. This will make them versatile and adept readers down the road. It can be hard to differentiate between letter recognition games when there are so many out there. Particularly given that not every child learns best in the same way. There are three main types of learners: auditory, visual and kinesthetic. Knowing which one your child is (or combination of) can help you find the best letter games for them. Each alphabet game you use should focus on one or more of these types of learning: What Are the Best Alphabet Games to Use? The first thing to know is that there is no absolute right way to teach the alphabet. However, the most effective method will use a combination of letter games targeting the different types of learning. The best games will address some or all of the following: memory, sight recognition, sound and speaking (or â€Å"phonics†), and touch. The following are a few of the most used and versatile ABC learning games we recommend: Alphabet Bingo Alphabet bingo (or â€Å"letter match†) is great for audio, visual and kinesthetic learners. Players get to see the letters on a card, hear the letter being said to them (and, if you’d like, you can have them say the letter back to you!), as well as identify and physically place (touch) a marker to the correct letter. You can easily make this game yourself using household items, download it for free online (here’s a link to 30 free printable alphabet bingo cards), or purchase it from a vendor, such as Amazon. Sidewalk Chalk Games Sidewalk chalk games are fantastic for visual and kinesthetic learners because children get to see letters in a different context and move around while still learning. And the best part? All you need is chalk and (you guessed it) a sidewalk. While there are numerous games you can play, we recommend â€Å"Alphabet Hopscotch† for its versatility. Alphabet Hopscotch can be played as the hopscotch game we all loved as kids (just with letters inside the squares), as the block version below, as a â€Å"hop and move† game (second photo), or any variety of ways you can imagine. Sidewalk letter games are great for children who learn best by doing and being physical./Buggy Buddy Use actions to make the letters more memorable./No Time For Flash Cards Playdoh Letters Playdoh Letters is another fantastic game you can â€Å"play† in so many different ways. Playdoh Letters are great for kinesthetic and visual learners because of their tactile nature. Use Playdoh to make letters for your child to touch (identify) or have them make Playdoh Letters based off of alphabet letters written on paper or shown on a screen. A child can also stamp letters into the Playdoh, or use magnetic letters or alphabet cookie cutters to make letters. Use Playdoh Letters for audio learners by saying the letters and having your learning choose the correct one, then have them pronounce the letter back to you. Alphabet Puzzles Another great activity for letter learning is the alphabet puzzle. Puzzles are fantastic for kinesthetic and visual learners because children get to touch and move letters around, as well as see them in 3D. Use them for audio learners by saying aloud and having your child say the letter once they’ve put it in its correct slot. There are many versions of this game in stores and online, but for those looking for a DIY version, This Reading Mama has printable puzzles on her website. Reading Ok, so we know it’s not exactly a game, but reading can really help a child on his or her journey to learning the alphabet. Reading exposes learners to seeing letters on a page, and hearing the letters being pronounced helps them understand letter sounds. Reading also helps children understand how letters can be used to form words and trains them to know English reading is done from left to right and top to bottom on a page. Nicole Honeywill/Unsplash Alphabet Learning Games for Students With Different Learning Needs There are also alphabet learning games available for students with different learning needs (i.e.: for the blind and deaf). Below are a few links we recommend checking out for games using American Sign Language and Braille. Sign Language Learning Games (for Learners Who Are Deaf) DeafLinx Very Well Health Kids Courses Braille Learning Games (for Learners Who Are Blind) Paths to Literacy Pinterest Sensory Sun Other Resources The internet is full of great resources for teaching and learning the alphabet. We recommend searching through Pinterest and YouTube for alphabet learning games. There are also a ton of free resources available on various websites and blogs (e.g., those by parents and teachers) that can be found using your favorite search engine. Here are a few we recommend: Growing Book By Book Healthy Children How Wee Learn Reading Rockets The Measured Mom The Most Common Mistakes Made When Using Alphabet Games (and How to Avoid Them) Unfortunately, finding fun alphabet games is only the first step. If you want to help a child learn their letters efficiently, make sure to avoid these common mistakes. #1: Teaching the Alphabet in Order Believe it or not, teaching the alphabet in order from A-Z is not the most effective or useful way to learn the alphabet. This is because we want to ensure children not only memorize their letters, but that they know them by sight and sound independent of the alphabet order. Instead, try teaching the letters in groups to both break up the alphabet into chewable nuggets and to give your child a chance to distinguish small words. For example, teaching a child the letters in their name can be a fun, easy way to get started. Not only will they hear and see those letters on a regular basis, they’ll also have a simple word to learn that ensures they know each letter in their name by sight and sound. Once a child can identify a letter by its name, it’s easier to move on to learning the letter sounds. Another trick is to teach groups of letters that can make small words. Say you focused on the following group of letters: B, P, N, D, E. Once a child has learned those letters, they can begin to identify small words such as: den, bed, pen, etc. #2: Not Making Alphabet Games Hands-On Enough Learning the alphabet and playing alphabet games should be a dynamic, engaging process. Children love to move, touch, see, and interact with the world around them, and alphabet games should tie into that enthusiasm easily. Relying too heavily on methods like worksheets can lose a child’s interest and decrease the likelihood that they’ve truly learned their letters and can distinguish them in and out of their alphabetic order. #3: Not Mixing It Up Avoid the temptation of using the same two or three games over and over. As with anything, variety is the spice of life. Keep minds interested and engaged by changing up the types of games used to master letters. #4: Not Being Consistent Practice truly makes perfect when it comes to letter recognition and ABC learning games. One simple way to keep children invested is to use everyday objects as a chance to learn. Try labeling objects around the house that a child will come in contact with throughout the day and every time you see them interact with that object, use a simple word to help them connect it back to the alphabet. For example: when your child sits on a couch, you can point to the label and ask them what object they just sat on. Then say the word â€Å"couch† and/or have them say the word and the letter it starts with (i.e.: â€Å"C† is for â€Å"couch†). #5: Not Celebrating Each Success Along the Way Learning the alphabet is an incredible accomplishment! But there are 26 letters to learn and each one mastered is a reason to celebrate. Give your learner a sense of accomplishment by encouraging them and cheering them on every time they learn a new letter. Remember... There is no single correct way to teach the alphabet. However, the more fun, dynamic and engaging you make it, the more your learner will remember his or her letters. The more they remember, the better prepared they’ll be to learn to read. Be sure to mix up the types of alphabet games you play by using letter recognition game ideas on Pinterest, YouTube and blogs (like ours!). Be consistent and don’t forget to celebrate every learned letter as its own accomplishment. What’s Next? Looking for more learning games? Be sure to read our complete guide. (Coming soon) Already reading? Check out the 9 Literary Elements You’ll Find in Every Story. If you need a break from letters, learn about the Most Common Shapes and How to Identify Them. These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

Discussion on the working capital policies of companies Term Paper

Discussion on the working capital policies of companies - Term Paper Example These four capital budgeting techniques have been discussed in details in Part-A. This study would assist the junior staff members of MyCompany Plc and would also increase the performance of the company. Capital Budgeting Investment judgments, dividend and financing are critical areas of financial management which needs to be addressed by any organization like that of MyCompany Plc The primary goal or objective of a profit making company like MyCompany Plc is to maximize the wealth of its shareholders. The decisions related to financing refer to the development of an optimal capital structure of the business firm (Clayman, Fridson, and Troughton, 2012, Capital Budgeting). Dividend decision includes the ways in which the profits generated by the business firm are distributed to its shareholders. Lastly, investment decisions refer to the means by which funds are raised by the organizations which are utilized in various operational activities performed by the firm so as to achieve the o verall objective of the business firm (Clayman, Fridson, and Troughton, 2012, Introduction). The organizations are involved in activities which require investments in different types of assets characterized as being both long term and short term. Capital budgeting primarily deals with investments made by the companies which are long term in nature and in larger volumes. These long term investments made by the firms would help in the determination of the strategic position of the firm in future. It has a considerable effect on the cash flows generated by the firm in future. All these facts imply that decisions regarding capital budgeting taken up by firms have an impact which persists for a long term and it is critical to the failure or success of a business firm like MyCompany Plc (Dayananda, 2002, p.1). Capital Budgeting Techniques There are different capital budgeting techniques which are employed by business firms universally. The four capital budgeting techniques have been descr ibed in details here. All of the capital budgeting techniques would help the financial manager of the company to choose the best project and suitable for the firm to invest. There are certain factors which are analyzed before taking the decision, for which the capital budgeting tools are used. They are: a) Generating the cash flows, b) Risk associated with the cash flows generated by the firm in future, and c) The calculated worth of the cash flows which also involved the uncertainties of future (Peterson, & Fabozzi, 2002, p.57). The capital budgeting techniques described here are explained with the help of numerical examples. The projects have been named as Project 1 and Project 2. Both the projects are considered to be mutually exclusive to each other and only one project can be selected out of the two by the company management. Other assumption related to the projects is that both of the projects have a five year lifetime. The initial cash outflow in the year zero is considered t o be ?100,000 for both the projects. Moreover both the projects a

English as a Foreign or Second Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English as a Foreign or Second Language - Essay Example As a student it becomes even more difficult to survive and mange oneself in a totally new environment because the student is new to the country and he has no one known to him and if he is unable to talk in the language of the people of the country in which he is living then he will be left all alone and there would be no one to communicate or talk with him. In order to avoid oneself form such difficulty it is better to learn the language. For a student it is of utmost importance that he is well aware and has good command over the language of the teachers so that he can understand what is being taught to him. If the student does not have good command over the language of the country in which he is studying then he will have to face some major problems because he will not be able to understand what the teachers are teaching, he also will not be able to comprehend the talks of the students and the student would become very confused and depressed. In most of the universities the medium o f instruction is English. In fact English has become an international language. English has now become the language of most of the people and in many countries the medium of instruction in many universities is English because it has become an international language. But still in some countries like most of the Arab countries, Japan and China the medium of instruction in their universities is their own mother tongue. Students from such countries have to face a lot of difficulty when they move to other foreign countries for continuing their studies further because the students are not at all habitual of studying and communicating in English. For such students and students particularly from the Arab countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc. it becomes a necessity to learn English so that they do not have to face any difficulty living in the foreign country with the foreign people. The students from the Arab countries like me find it extremely difficult to learn English as it is complet ely different form the native language of the Arab countries; our mother tongue, Arabic. English and Arabic are two different languages which are completely diverse form each other. The origins and basic linguistics of the two languages are completely different from each other. This is the reason why we students find it extremely difficult to learn English. The pronunciation and accent of both the languages are widely different that is why even the Arab students speak English they face quite difficulty in speaking out the words with the correct pronunciation. As a result we students find it very difficult to adjust them in the new environment where everyone else is speaking English and the person can neither speak proper English nor understand it completely. We students find it really difficult to manage with this difficulty. The areas where students face greatest difficulty is when the students are made to focus on the vocabulary and grammar. Grammar of any language is difficult to learn and understand. And when someone foreign is learning a foreign language then it becomes really difficult to learn and understand the grammar and make use of it in sentences. The foreign students also have to face a lo

Discussion Board Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board Question - Essay Example Even the title of the graph is misleading. At first, one thought that the graph will give a step-by-step procedure on how to burn calories. The graph creator might have made the graph this way to emphasize that a cheeseburger contains the highest calories among the beer, soda and doughnut. He might have thought that putting pictures of the different products will add to the effectiveness of the graph in presenting information. The graph may be improved by putting scales. In this way, the reader will know what the numbers represent. The graph should have an X and Y axis. The X-axis may symbolize the number steps that have to be taken to burn a certain number of calories. The Y-axis may represent the number of calories contained per food item presented. Another way to improve the graph is by presenting it in a graduated manner meaning as one goes through the right of the X-axis, the number of steps to be taken increases. The title of the graph may be stated as â€Å"Number of Steps Needed to Burn Calories from Certain Food Types†. I do not think that it is ethical to portray information in the way the graph is presented. It is very misleading especially among the young because they might think that drinking beer is better than eating a cheeseburger or a doughnut, simply because it will take less steps to burn the calories in a beer than in a cheeseburger or doughnut. The graph may also have a negative impact on restaurants offering cheeseburgers and

The role of human resource management (HRM) in Australian-Malaysian joint ventures

The role of human resource management (HRM) in Australian-Malaysian joint ventures As is stated in the article The role of human resource management (HRM) in Australian-Malaysian joint ventures by Gladys Cheah-Liaw, Stanley Petzall and Chris Selvarajah, the two human resource management issues that was agreed in the article are the staffing policies in term of compensation plan and the cultural differences issue thats mostly discussed in the article. Compensation gap has become the issue between the host country nationals and parent country nationals. Besides that, joint ventures between Australia and Malaysia have that gathering two differing cultures has be one of the challenge for human resource management to overcome if wanted to be success in joint ventures. Arguable issue always occur about the compensation gaps between host country nationals (HCNs) and parent country nationals (PCNs). As stated in the article, PCN on an international assignment would have a higher level of compensation then a HCN or a third-country nationals (TCNs) doing the same job and this cause HCN and TNC react negatively (Gladys et al., 2003). However, not adapting pay scales to local market can present human resource manager with more problems then it solve. The fact is that it can be extremely more expensive to live in some countries like UK than other like Malaysia, and if these cost of living differences arent considered, it may be most impossible to get managers to take high cost assignment. One international compensation trend of growing importance concerns the awarding of long-term incentive pay to overseas managers. Nowadays, a lot multinational are finding to formulate new long-term incentives specifically for overseas executives. Thus, joint ventures sh ould devising performance-based long term incentive plans that tied more closely to performance at the subsidiary level. These can help build a sense of ownership among key local managers while providing the financial incentives needed attract and keep the people we need overseas. The second issue as is agreed in the article is about the cultural differences. As joint ventures involve of employees from different background, human resource manager must be aware of cultural traditions and practices in the nations they are operating in. Unawareness of such things often causes offence to potential overseas business partners and customers. This is one of the factors needed to be attentive. Understanding the national culture can be vital. National culture refers to the attitude and perspectives shared by the people of a specific nation or cultural group that shape their behaviour and the way they see the world. There is wide ranging cultural and ethnic differences from country to country which demand corresponding differences in personnel practices among joint ventures. A high degree of sensitivity and empathy for cultural and attitudinal demand of employees is always important when selecting employees to staff overseas operations. However, such sensitivity is espec ially important when the job is human resource management and the work involves all labour force. Is important also for human resource department that shares the employees cultural background is most likely to be sensitive to the employees needs and expectation in the work place and its thus more likely to manage successful join venture. In summary, human resource management in joint ventures played an important role in overcoming all the issues that might cause failure to the joint ventures development. Question 5 What was the pattern of HRM practices for successful joint ventures? Explain it accordingly to the phase of join ventures development. The pattern of human resource management practices or successful joint ventures is whereby human resource management can fit with the organizations stage of development in joint venture. Each stage of development needs human resource management to adjust the firm accordingly with the different stage. The five organization stage was initiation, functional growth, controlled growth, functional integration and strategic integration. In the initiation stage, joint ventures should had operates for one to three years. In this stage, human resource practice was taken from the parent company. Employment in the initiation stage was said ethnocentric have been taken place which have their own management control and particularly use all capable managers for joint venture. By succeed in the initiation stage, human resource management need to lay emphasis on training, appraisals and aware of compensation for the employees to be in line with the host country. However, the cultural differences issue whereby human resource management need to attentive on it. In transition stage, joint ventures are mainly controlled by a parent country and focusing in the mechanized sector. Transition stage was said to be put up with local demand and is in polycentric perspective, like joint venture was managed by host country nationals. In this stage, training and development was intend to improve current and future employees performance by enlarge employees ability in achieve goal. Compensation was needed to be restructure to retain talented employees as if is due to the labour shortage. In this stage, cultural differences issue was not that critical as employees were monitored to work together and improve by communication. And lastly, joint ventures was said to be greatly successful if reached the maturation stage. They said to be aware of adopting the best practices and be competitive in the universal market. Employment was said to be geocentric which by using the best approach around the world and forces managers to take a wider, global view of operations. Training in this stage was still in improving their efficiency and effectiveness. And the compensation needs to be reorganizing by following the Hire Worldwide Remuneration Consultants (HAY) system for the organizational levels. Cultural differences challenge was said to be solve out and creating a successful diversity workforce. In short, every stage of the successful joint venture development is still on the purpose of getting the job done. As the joint venture development stage can be accomplish stage by stage, join ventures is said to be greatly successful. Question 6 Do you opine that your employers or the organization where you are familiar with has same HRM practices patterns as the organizations highlighted in the article? Discuss your answer. On year 1997, Malaysia Airlines (MAS) and General Electric Company of the United States (GE) have signed an agreement to shape a joint venture after a year of signed a Memorandum of Understanding for a joint venture which MAs and GE will joint together to form a Centre of Excellence in engine repair at Malaysia, The Aero Centre facility in Subang. The plan of joint ventures between GE and MAS in opening the Aero Centre of Excellence is to provide service and repair of to the aircraft engine to Asia Pacific customer which last time use to service in the United States and Europe. As stated in the Press Centre of GE, the joint venture is significant for the country, company and customers. GE is one of the world largest high-technological and blue chip company which joint venture with Malaysia Airlines. In this joint venture, Malaysia gain benefits in upgrading its present aerospace technological capacity, able Malaysia to develop indigenous technology and lead to becoming an aerospace hub. As stated by Tan Sri Tajudin Ramil, the chairman of MAS, this joint venture have bring advantages to MAS through upgrade the navy support and improved skill and productivity. MAS employees also gain benefits from the advance training in leading-edge technology for GE, the world class company. The president of GE Engine Services Inc. affirmed that through CE investment, and joint with MAS, they intend to make Kuala Lumpur the first-class shop operation that will drive future growth. In the joint venture, Malaysia Airlines able to carry to the undertaking a state-of-art facility and a trained workforce. As Aero Centre of Excellence in Malaysia which was the joint ventures between GE and MAS has gain profitability through growth, this joint ventures is to be said as successful just like stated in the article of The role of human resource management (HRM) in Australian-Malaysian joint ventures which involved with the pattern of human resource management practices for successful joint ventures. The successful joint venture development consists of 3 main stages which is initiation, transition and maturation. In the initiation stage, GE from U.S had started to assemble their own human resource policies and practices which included local demands. This was be said as ethnocentric whereby is the parochial belief that the best work practices and approaches are those of the home nation. The advantaged of ethnocentric are the organization will have simple structure and managers can implement closer control. However, theres still disadvantages in this view whereby that decision-making may be le ss effective. There is no flexibility for employees working in foreign locations and there will be difficulties in building good business relationships in the host nation. Due to the shortage of labor, they cant choose the people they want. So, training is needed in this stage and basic compensation was needed to be structured as the principle of the host country. In this stage, cultural issue will be the issue and challenges as human resource department needed to overcome the diversity problems. In the stage of transitional, human resource practices hold to local demand. This stage was polycentric perspective which , this is the view that managers in the overseas, host nation know the best work practices for running operations in that nation. The advantages are that the managers working in the overseas operation will have extensive knowledge of how best to run the workplace and meet market demand. Local managers are likely to be more committed and have higher morale than managers imported from the home country. Also the host government is more likely to provide support. The disadvantages are that duplication of work efforts and facilities in both the home nation and foreign host nation leads to inefficiencies and ineffective use of resources. It is also difficult to maintain a single focus on global objectives as operations in each nation concentrate on their own operations. In this stage, career development for staff is to be organized to improve the productivity. Compensat ion in this stage need to be restructured to retain the potential workers. However, the cultural differences issue has been reduced in this stage. And lastly, when reach the maturation stage, geocentric perspective was taken place whereby global-oriented view focusing on finding and using the best approaches from around the world. The advantages of this view are that it forces managers to take a wider, global view of operations. As in this stage, joint venture was said to be greatly successful which had managed cultural diversity. As GE and MAS was recently successful in the joint venture, they should have overcome all the stages and apply the human resource practice effectively and efficiently to be success in the diversity environment. GE and MAS was working greatly together with the profit that reached $ 1 billion last year. This is because, Aero Centre of Excellence in Malaysia which is joint venture between GE and MAS has overcome all the problems and challenges that occur on the joint venture development, especially the working environment that full of cultural differences. Question 7 Explain two human resource problems experienced by your employer of the organization where you are familiar with and to strategies for overcoming the problems. The two human resource problems experienced by my employer of the organization are the compensation and cultural differences. Compensation and retaining workers have always be the problems to human resource management because employees always not satisfy with the salary and benefits that been given by the employers. Developing a pay plan that is internally and externally equitable is no less important in a small firm or large firm. Besides the compensation problems, managing diversity workforce also be a problem to employer as Malaysia is a mixture country with different of race, religion and so on. Everyone have their own backgrounds which lead to the different thinking compare with others. To keep organization still that competitive, human resource problem needed to be solve out before it get worse. Employee compensation means all forms of pay or rewards going to employees and arising from their employment. Everyone knows that people have many needs, and some which can be satisfied directly with money. As every employee always as for a better life, they expect employers will provide them with satisfied salary just to retain them. Some employees always compare their salary with others. If salary was lower than their colleague, they will just go search for another job might increase the job turnover. In such case, employer should have policies on compensation-related method. Human resource manager need to ensure why the amount of salary among employees is is different and employees need to understand the reason to reduce conflict that might happen in organization. Employers should develop a workable pay plan by conducting a wage survey which collects the information about the job and set a base salary that deserve to receive by the employees. It can be easier also in structure the compensation plan if split employees into three group to managerial, clerical and plant personnel. For each of the three groups, determine the compensable factors to be evaluated and then rank or assign points to each job based on the job evaluation. For each class of jobs, employers should create a pay range. Besides this, employers also can provide reward to employees that attaining companys goal. This was not only can motivate employees but also keep them getting the job done, just to get the reward. Reward also can be a way in retaining potential worker. Capability workers will always surrounded by head-hunter and intellectual employees will just leave the organization if other company can provide better benefit package to them. Not all employees asking for money to satisfy their need but some may ask for achievement, affiliation, power or self-actualization. Yet, even with job enrichment can be a modern motivation technique. Besides that, to retain worker, non-monetary reward like vacations and holiday, sick leave, annual leave and so on can help in retaining potential workers. For employees that attaining organization goal, employers can reward them with promotion or paid vacation as a reward. Employees will somehow work hard just to get the reward offered by employers. Cultural factor have been generally be a problem to human resource. As Malaysia was known as rich of different cultural, most of the company in Malaysia was facing the same problem which is workforce diversity. To overcome this problem, employers can increase relationship between employees by regular meeting. Training also needs to be providing to employees in how to communicate efficiently to reduce conflict in the workforce. Besides that, employers can use teamwork to build relationship between employees while completing their task. In teamwork, sharing will be more to be occur and this can make employees understand each other more. Employers should encourage idea sharing among employees, just to make them discuss more and build relationship without knowing. This kind of method not only can help in diversity labor force but also can come up with new ideas and improve the productivity in the organization. In short, every company has their own human resource problem as is important for employers to apply strategies that is effectiveness and efficiency. Retaining workers has mostly been the problems faced by most of the organization and compensation needs to be structured carefully to avoid from any turnover. Cultural differences are something Malaysian companies can avoid from as Malaysia is a multi-cultural country. To cut down the problems in cultural differences, human resource need to solve out the diversity labor force by monitoring and liaison employees with each other.

Global Outsourcing of American Products and Services Essay -- Globaliz

Global Outsourcing of American Products and Services   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global outsourcing of American products and services is a trend that is becoming increasingly popular with large corporations. For the same services provided in the United States, corporations are finding quality work in other countries for a fraction of the cost. The country currently at the forefront of this trend is India. This paper will discuss companies that outsource business to foreign countries and also why they are chose to. The ethical implications to both countries in these situations will also be discussed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many corporations are experiencing significant cost savings by outsourcing work to developing countries across the globe. Some advantages of global outsourcing are: technically skilled, inexpensive labor; multi-lingual workforce; potential 24/7 global tech support; global prestige; local market access advantages; lower duties and tariffs; low cost delivery; and after sales service. (http://www.wsa1.org) â€Å"Developing nations†¦benefit by providing local viable careers for their educated populations, attracting foreign investments in their infrastructure, and a general increase in the standard of living.† (http://cseserv.engr.scu.edu) These advantages make a strong case for outsourcing, but there are many disadvantages that are being discounted or overlooked.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some disadvantages noted by corporations are: political risk; loss of quality control over manufacturing, brand, and support; misrepresentation of the company; IPR concerns; brand management; channel conflict (gray market, territory); stricter labor laws; bribery and kickback pressure; and productivity. (http://www.wsa1.org) There is also the possibility of a negative impact to the American job market. Issues surrounding this impact to our job market are not frequently mentioned during discussions about whether or not to send business overseas. Finally, there are many ethical questions and dilemmas involved with these decisions. These ethical dilemmas affect individuals in America as well as those in the overseas countries. In spite of these disadvantages, many major corporations have decided to outsource to foreign countries, indicating that the advantages are worth the risk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several corporations have already experience... ...e Web. Call Center India (November 19, 2003); More U.S. Jobs, especially in Call Centers, headed for India, http://callcenterinindia.blogspot.com/ Retrieved on November 25, 2003 from the World Wide Web. Ranjit Shastri (October 6, 2003); An Overview of India’s Call Center Industry, http://www.tmcnet.com/tmcnet/articles/2003/100603rs.htm Retrieved on November 25, 2003 from the World Wide Web. Ronil Hira (October 20, 2003); Testimony to the Committee on Small Business, http://www.ieeeusa.org/forum/POLICY/2003/102003.html Retrieved on November 25, 2003 from the World Wide Web. Nicholson & Sahay (November, 2001); Some political and cultural issues in the globilisation of software development: case experience from Britain and India, http://les1.man.ac.uk/accounting/Staff/Academic/B_Nicholson/I&Opapernicholson_sahay.pdf Retrieved on November 25, 2003 from the World Wide Web. CIO.com (June 5, 2003); Global Outsourcing and L-1 Visas, http://comment.cio.com/ Retrieved on November 25, 2003 from the World Wide Web. Walter Williams (2003); Minimum Wage Tip-Off, http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20031114-081940-9148r.htm Retrieved on November 25, 2003 from the World Wide Web.

Sri Lanka Tourism

Tourists Return to Paradise Isle a Year After War’s End By Amantha Perera COLOMBO, May 17, 2010 (IPS) – A year since Sri Lanka’s bloody civil war ended on May 18 last year, tourists are returning in huge numbers to a popular beach destination located over 300 kilometres from where the last battles were fought. Nowhere is the relief at the end of fighting more tangible than on the beautiful beaches of Hikkaduwa, south of the capital Colombo.The war against the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, fighting for a separate state for the minority Tamils, cost over 70,000 lives in over two and half decades and sent over 280,000 fleeing for their lives in its final phase. Hikkaduwa, famous for its coral reef, sandy beaches and swanky hotels, is on the rebound. Visitors who abandoned the sun and the beach when bombs started going off have begun to return. The best days may be still ahead of this famous tourist destination south of the capital Colombo. Already, it is bracing itself for huge arrivals during the next European winter season.Arrivals grew by an impressive 50 percent or an increase to 160,000 from 106,000 in the first quarter of 2010, compared to 2009, according to the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, the government agency that monitors tourist arrivals. This year, the island known for its scenic beauty expects over half a million tourist arrivals, making 2010 one of the best seasons in the last half a decade. â€Å"We saw very good arrival rates this season (between November 2009 and April 2010),† Siri Goonewardene, president of the Hikkaduwa Hoteliers’ Association, told IPS. With the war no more, travellers feel safer visiting here and there were no unexpected security-related incidents that would have driven them away. † The general manager of Coral Sands, a 75-room luxury hotel on the Hikkaduwa beach, expects better results later this year when the next winter season starts. â€Å"The bookings h ave been good. If the trend continues the next season will be definitely better than this one,† says Goonewardene.He adds that operators expect about a 50 percent growth in arrivals next season. The upbeat assessment is shared by operators who run smaller hotels and restaurants and others who depend on the tourist trade. This season was good. We had a high number of visitors,† says Dhammika Silva, who runs a small hotel at Mirissa, a cove-like beach south of Hikkaduwa. He depends on individual tourists who visit the Mirissa area as his business is too small to tie up with tour operators. â€Å"I needed more people on the beach having a good time to make ends meet. This time it happened. † The same is true of Nimal, who sells traditional woodcarvings from a small shop near the beach. â€Å"We had a very good season. I made some good sales,† adds Nimal, who simply identified himself by his first name.These hopes for a bumper tourist season are a far cry from the beach operators’ downcast mood less than 18 months back. With the war raging in the north, by the time the winter season began in November 2008, arrivals were sliding. With earnings going down, in 2008, tourism fell to number six in the country’s top foreign revenue earners from the fourth slot, accounting only for 2. 8 percent of the gross national product. The industry supports a large workforce, much of it informal. According to a labour survey conducted by the Sri Lanka Census and Statistics Department in 2007, over 100,000 were employed in the trade, 56 percent of whom were nformal employees. It was the informal employees that felt the pinch when arrivals kept going down without the security of at least a small wage packet. In early 2009, business operators like Nimal were complaining that they could not keep their shops open and at least pay the utilities.Some decided to close shop. The downturn in arrivals due to the war attracted low spenders to the island. Silva says that many tourists from Eastern Europe and Russia began arriving in Sri Lanka when the big spenders from Western Europe stayed away. I have nothing against them. But these were budget travellers who travel through the region. They don’t spend much,† he told IPS. Nimal concurs. â€Å"They are not the type who buy souvenirs, let alone expensive carvings, they will show up in the number of arrivals, but have no money. † Goonewardene from Coral Sands warned that the high numbers should not be an indication that the industry has fully recovered. â€Å"When the numbers are analysed, we will see that there will not be a 50 percent increase in earnings corresponding to the increase in arrivals. â€Å"He says the government should launch an aggressive public relations campaign to attract high-end spenders and give incentives like tax breaks to the industry. The new government that took office last month has brought tourism under the purview of the Economic D evelopment Ministry, which has been tasked with accelerating development. It is an indication that tourism is to be a vital component in the new economic plans. â€Å"It is good that the government is showing signs of making tourism part of the bigger national plans. Whoever invests in tourism now will be making a lot of money come next season if we make the right decisions,† Silva

Ethicals Ethics and Company Essays

Ethicals Ethics and Company Essays Ethicals: Ethics and Company Essays Here is a summary of the consequences of your decision to modify spot 'A': Director of Product Management:Your boss says, "I asked you to reach 15,000+ units a week. Your decision put us at 14,616 at the end of last week. While it's not what I asked for, it's in the ball park. You had better hope unit sales increase to meet projections in the coming weeks." Unit Sales:Medium increase, 2,616 units, potential for future increases looks good. HA advertising is losing out on the Sunday 3:00 - 4:00 market. Brand awareness increased 10 points among parents. Sales Team:The sales team is disappointed in your decision. They had hoped you would have gone with an option that would have increased their commissions more. Advertising to children is the act of marketing or advertising products or services to children. According to the characteristics of children , who are easy to be influenced and imitate, the advertising should be more carefully and strict. therefore, I think it will be a problem that advertising to children. A good and educational ad may guide children to the correct direction, but a bad one may misguide them both on mentally and behaviors. Turning Gears should try to alter its approach to limit concerns about negative impacts on kids. The influence of the advertisement to children is profound. thus, it is important for the company to discuss this problem. It is not necessary for the company to stop advertising to kids, but must change the way to advertising to children with positive impacts. What's more, it can also consult from parents, and make efforts about the problem together. Uncertainty touches most aspects of life, especially when we make decisions that have consequences that we cannot predict. It is natural that we can weigh up the possible results and their risks and benefits. Hence we should change the uncertainty into certainty though further research. The uncertainty will become a problem or a significant issue when you ignore it, or you insist on your own benefits as you find it out. We should accepting and realizing this principal uncertainty is a conceptual challenge, and it is within this framework that we must make decisions of a moral nature. Therefore, decision-making and the handling of uncertainties have important ethical dimensions. According to my opinion, adding labels would be the best way to resolve the problems of current situation. Before we make the decision, we should carefully take consideration about the consequence of insisting selling toys without any changes. It is an unethical behavior that make kids in an uncertainty dangerous situation. We also cannot solve the problem though replacing the material of toys because it is great harmful to company's benefits. therefore, it is the best way for the company to add labels on the toys to remind people to be careful about making choice. What should be put into consideration at first is the safety of customers, so it is the best way comparing with any other options. A company should response to pressure of shareholders groups when the resources related to 1) Company's mission statement. A company's mission statement is a constant reminder to its employees of why the company exists and what the founders envisioned when they put their fame and fortune at risk to breathe life into their dreams. So it's significant to response. 2) The consequence of issue harm. A company should also consider about the issue harm as it may result in kinds of serious consequence 3) Company's perspective. You cannot just consider about your own benefits but also the stakeholders benefits. otherwise, you don't need to response if it is not relevant to the things above. The main argument is whether child labor should be accepted. Based on the point of view of employers, it can be accepted because they think the manufactory has been provided higher payment and good quality of life for the children, and it also be accepted by the

Free Essays on Interpersonal Communication

or actions, as they understand them (Beebe 6). Although most people limit the realm of communication, it does not only occur between humans. It is possible for an individual to act on information from their pet. For instance, when the cat meows, a good owner feeds it. Moreover, it is possible that pets can act on information from their owners. For example, when the owner picks up the leash, the dog knows it is going for a walk. Interpersonal vs. Impersonal Communication Human communication ranges on a spectrum from impersonal communication to interpersonal communication. Impersonal communication occurs when we communicate or respond to people ¡Ã‚ ¦s roles, rather than who they are as people. When you ask your waiter for a soda, you are communicating with his role, not him as an individual. Interpersonal communication is conducted on a more intimate level of communication in which we disclose personal information. Although this type of communication is more intimate, it does not always involve sha... Free Essays on Interpersonal Communication Free Essays on Interpersonal Communication Introduction The following report contains information on the subject of communication. It is being reported on for Professor Underwood ¡Ã‚ ¦s Business Communications class. The information reported on was conduct at the LRC at Mesa College and local San Diego public libraries. The topic at hand is divided into different components that effect how we communicate. The main topics that will be discussed are impersonal vs. interpersonal communication, how people communicate, perception, and culture. What is communication? Communication, a complicated area, has been researched for countless years. Scholars have attempted to arrive at one general definition for Communication, yet experts still cannot agree on any one meaning. However, in the broadest sense, it has been determined that communication is the process of acting upon information. An individual says or does something, and others think or behave in response to the words or actions, as they understand them (Beebe 6). Although most people limit the realm of communication, it does not only occur between humans. It is possible for an individual to act on information from their pet. For instance, when the cat meows, a good owner feeds it. Moreover, it is possible that pets can act on information from their owners. For example, when the owner picks up the leash, the dog knows it is going for a walk. Interpersonal vs. Impersonal Communication Human communication ranges on a spectrum from impersonal communication to interpersonal communication. Impersonal communication occurs when we communicate or respond to people ¡Ã‚ ¦s roles, rather than who they are as people. When you ask your waiter for a soda, you are communicating with his role, not him as an individual. Interpersonal communication is conducted on a more intimate level of communication in which we disclose personal information. Although this type of communication is more intimate, it does not always involve sha...

Death of a loved one and identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Death of a loved one and identity - Essay Example The main reasons given about the change of identity concern the aspects of religion, psychological perspectives, and interpersonal relationships. From the perspective of religion, it would be noted that a persons religious identity and spiritual affiliations are the most probable aspect that can be changed. This essay, â€Å"Death of a Loved One and Persoanl Identity,† is a critical analysis of the impact of the death of a loved one, and the effect it has in the identification of the personality of a person. Olver (2002) explains that death is an old phenomenon, and it has always existed. Many people are afraid of death, and this is the reason there is extensive debate on how to prevent it, and the life of an individual after death. However, there are different beliefs about this concept of death, and this depends on the values and status of an individual. Earle, Komaromy, and Bartholomew (2009) explain that religion plays a role in explaining the concept of death, and the impact it has on an individual. For instance, religious people believe that, once an individual dies, then he or she has a next life. This life depends on the religious belief of an individual, for instance the Buddhists believe in re-incarnation, while Christians believe in ascension to heaven once an individ ual dies. However, scientists do not have such kind of beliefs, and this is because they are motivated by facts in trying to explain this aspect of death, and the consequences it has in the identification of the personality of an individual. The lack of concrete evidence on this aspect of resurrection has made this topic ambiguous, and difficult to explain. This is because of lack of stories on people who have resurrected, hence giving an account of what happens after death. Therefore, a person can only experience this concept of death, through a third party. That is an individual who is grieving, or has just lost a loved one. The loss of a loved one, normally leads to a

Behavior management Inventory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Behavior management Inventory - Case Study Example I’m not coming and you can’t make me!† I think this is probably the best way to handle this, because there is already a conflict and it gives the student an out. They can choose to keep their ‘pride’ and continue to be defiant by going to the principal’s office, or by simply following the instructions in class. Over one-half of your class is constantly asking, â€Å"Will this be on the test? How many pages does it have to be? Can I use a pencil? Does neatness count? Is it due at the beginning or at the end of class?† You set up a rule forbidding such questions, but they keep coming anyway. This situation should eventually stop the questions, hopefully, because the students will learn that they aren’t getting any new information by asking those kinds of questions. If a question isn’t addressed by those groundrules, it is either a good one or could be added to the groundrules. It also sets up a positive culture where the students know what is and isn’t important to me as a teacher. Micky hasn’t done his homework in over six weeks. He always has an excuse such as he lost it, he left it at home, or his baby sister ripped it up. He has a difficult time reading and comprehending and seldom participates in class. You have discussed the matter with Micky and have met with Micky and his mother who works second shift. Still the homework is never done. Obviously in this situation Micky is having trouble with the school work, and his family can be of little help. But he also has to understand that the classroom community has expectations, and doing homework is one of them. By eventually putting him in detention for missing so many homeworks it at least gives him time where he has no excuse and forces him to do some, so I can see where he is and where he needs more